This article provides a detailed description of the family of lexemes derived from the headword tutor (‘t’yutor’) that are commonly used to refer to people, features, actions, processes, or phenomena in the current education landscape of Russia. Such new words have become increasingly popular, yet poorly covered in lexicographical sources on the Russian language. Here, the analysis is based on available dictionary entries, the Russian National Corpus, academic publications on educational practices, and mass media texts. The semantics and functioning of the headword tutor were established. Its high derivational, combinability, and syntagmatic potentials were revealed. The methods used include continuous sampling, analysis of dictionary entries, and descriptive survey. Based on the results obtained, the word-formation chains and paradigms were identified. Furthermore, the derivational meanings and the ways to create neologisms with the headword tutor were outlined. 

Many languages, including modern Turkish, employ lexemes with spatial meaning to express temporal relations. However, the Turkish language stands out for its use of case forms of nouns both to describe the spatial position and movement of objects and to establish the temporal reference of actions and events. These differences are systemic, suggest that native Turkish speakers perceive spatial and temporal phenomena in a unique way, and determine the historical change in their models of time perception. They challenge the belief that spatial relations prevail over temporal ones in the perception of the surrounding world by peoples with nomadic roots but highlight the necessity of considering materials from other Turkic languages. The results obtained show that facts from different linguistic levels should be involved to analyze how temporal relations are conveyed. 

This article examines the structure of the image of “vision” in the Russian linguistic worldview. The structural reconstruction was performed through the study of the key meanings of “vision” in the Russian language. The proposition, a logical outline of the components involved in visual perception, was selected as a way by which the knowledge about “vision” is gathered. The following components were found to be a regular source of figurative meanings: the subject of visual perception, the process of visual perception, the subject’s features indicating the quality of visual perception, and the means of visual perception. The dominant meanings of different propositional elements constituting the structural core of the image of “vision” were revealed: “the ability to see,” “the quality of vision,” “light,” “mediation,” and “accommodation.” The main denotative spheres covered by the knowledge about “vision” were distinguished: the human sphere, as well as the spheres of artifacts (technical means of image capture, artificial light sources) and nature (primarily natural light sources). It was shown that the metaphors referring to the human sphere are based on the idea of a close connection between visual perception and mental activity. The anthropomorphic metaphors arising from the artifacts used to produce images are created following the same logical pattern. The metaphorical understanding of light sources, both artificial and natural, is determined by the association between “vision” and light in the minds of native Russian speakers. 

This article outlines the results of a study on the concept of “outsider” in English political and sports discourses. The concept’s domain was found to be based on such major subdomains as “foreigner”, “intruder”, and “outcast”. Nevertheless, it also includes some positive associations evoked when negative connotations of the term outsider are not emphasized. In fact, in politics, the lexeme outsider and the concept it captures are often linked to positive attributes. The obtained results are in line with those covering the phenomenon of (self-)marginalization within political rhetoric but appear not to be limited to it. In mixed martial arts discourse, the concept of “outsider” is also vague; yet, due to a growing interest in the triumphs of dark-horse contenders, it is regularly employed by communicators, i.e., athletes and sports commentators. 

This article examines the use of English verbs related to human behavior in W. Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair” and their translations into German and Russian. Based on the analysis of lexicographic sources, the structure of the lexico-semantic group of behavioral verbs in English, German, and Russian was analyzed. Common transformations employed to translate such verbs from English into German and Russian were identified. The most representative examples were picked from the novel. Particular attention was given to the relationship between the translation methods and each target language, as well as between the source language and the target languages. The Russian and German translations of the novel were compared for accuracy in conveying all details. Using componential analysis, a semantic classification of the selected verbs, depending on the type of behavior they describe, was compiled for the three languages. The results obtained led to the following conclusions. The behavioral verbs in W. Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair” are most often translated into Russian and German with literal equivalents of the original lexemes. However, lexical and grammatical substitutions were also revealed: their usage depends on grammatical structure, lexical compatibility, and linguistic standards. The German translation proved to be more plausible than the Russian one. This could be because English and German are both Germanic languages and belong to the same branch of the Indo-European language family. In the Russian translation, multiple transformations of the original text are used more often. They are meant to convey the author’s ideas rather than the exact lexicographic meanings of separate words. The findings of this study contribute to the development of the theory and practice of translation and provide a deeper insight into W. Thackeray’s worldview. 

This article explores the use of metonymy in advertising discourse through a detailed analysis of slogans in appliance and electronics advertisements. The influence of metonymy on one’s worldview in the context of commercial advertising was studied based on its contribution to the construction of the images of the object (product or service), subject (seller or manufacturer), and addressee (consumer), as well as to the development of connections between these three elements. The value and relevance of the research lie in the fact that advertising broadcasts ideas about reality and has the potential to influence the consumer’s mindset and behavior. This supports the concept of advertising worldview. It is also important to perceive metonymy as a linguistic and cognitive tool, yet in advertising discourse it is often viewed as a trope. The dynamics of the advertising situation can be defined as follows: the manufacturer/seller offers a solution to the consumer’s problems and promises them joy in the final result, with the product or service acting as a tool to achieve the desired outcome. A number of examples were provided to show that the knowledge about the components of the advertising situation is arranged in the categories of different conceptual structures which determine the type of metonymic transfer. In appliance advertisements, the most frequent metonymic models were found to be as follows: the product’s quality–the product, the result of using the product–the tool employed to achieve the result, describing the situation through the nomination of the stage of turning on the device or achieving the result. It was concluded that metonymy emphasizes the most important characteristics of the product and its role in human life, not only as a problem-solving tool but also as a source of positive emotions and joy, as well as a symbol of a certain lifestyle. Therefore, the metonymic approach is effective in fitting the product into the everyday life of the consumer with respect to their system of values. 

This article explores the key features of contemporary medical print advertising in Russia, such as the subject matter, the interplay between words and images, expressive means and their frequency, as well as linguistic and visual indicators associated with medical discourse. A total of 103 Russian medical print advertisements were collected from the Internet by continuous sampling. The analysis of these advertisements confirmed that medical advertising is a form of medical discourse that has specific features. Some of them include the use of medical terms (colloquial rather than nosological), precedent phenomena, and language play. It was also found that medical print advertising relies heavily on the integrative and image-centric connections between the verbal and visual series of a polycode text. 

This article explores various tactics used by children to understand the meaning of unfamiliar words while reading. The study was performed on 24 children aged 8–9 years, including 12 monolinguals and 12 foreign-language speakers. In such a situation, the two primary tactics are relying on either context or the internal forms of words. The results of the experiment show that monolingual children typically focus on context, while children speaking a foreign language depend more on the inner forms of words, which often means giving priority to the second tactic and completely disregarding context, in terms of meaning and grammar. It was also revealed that the reliance on the internal forms of words persists even when all other words in a given context are clear, suggesting that children speaking a foreign language not only face challenges with comprehending certain Russian words but also have the habit of overlooking context in general. It is therefore important to address this tendency and emphasize the need for contextual understanding when working with such children. 

This article explores the dynamics of various techniques used by children to create occasionalisms, focusing on the derivational innovations of one child at the age from four to five years and before turning four years (as shown by the earlier research). The results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the directions of derivation (direct, reverse, and substitutive) were thoroughly studied. All ways in which the child derived words were examined. The part-of-speech nature of both motivating and motivated (innovations) words was described qualitatively and quantitatively. The models that the child used as analogies to derive occasionalisms were considered and compared for both ages. The primary reasons behind the decline in relevance of certain derivational models with age were singled out: no urge to speak about certain elements of the real world, mastering the model in the previous period and losing interest in its formal side, communication transparency (ensuring that adults can understand the intended meaning without ambiguity), and the productivity of morphemes. The emergence of new derivational models (general and specific) in the child’s speech was discussed. The question of typical and individual features of derivation in children was raised 

This article presents the results of a case study of linguistic reflection among children with different language acquisition strategies based on the analysis of spontaneous speech recordings obtained from them. A distinction was made between linguistic reflection and metalinguistic activity. It was found that the ability to reflect on language develops gradually in children with different strategies of language acquisition. The important role of metalinguistic activity in speech ontogenesis, regardless of language acquisition strategies, was highlighted, as it was exhibited by all the participants. Furthermore, linguistic reflection proved to be group-specific: each group (boys/girls, referential/expressive children) showed unique patterns and trends. It was also revealed that children under the age of five and a half years are more likely to engage in linguistic reflection when they are referential rather than expressive. The same trend was observed in girls compared to boys. 

This article reviews the first-ever published materials from the archive of Taisia Iosifovna Yukhnevskaya, the late wife of Ivan Antonovich Efremov (1908–1972). The focus is on I.A. Efremov’s collection of autobiographical and erotic short novels titled “Women in My Life”. These fourteen stories (one of which is incomplete) are believed to have been written between the 1950s and 1960s. They fit perfectly with the style of the writer, for whom there was no division between the physical aspects of love and the spiritual development of a normal person. The short novels contain a wealth of personal details, thus offering a new and deeper perspective on the early years of the rising geologist and social thinker. In terms of fiction, they continue the 1940s series “Tales of the Extraordinary” and conform to the genre characteristics of romantic storytelling, as well as colonial and Western novels. There are clear similarities and plot parallels with I.A. Efremov’s other novels such as “Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale”, “The Bull’s Hour”, “Razor’s Edge”, and “Thais of Athens”. An interesting finding is that the letters between I.A. Efremov and his wife bring out an unforeseen side of the writer’s character, especially his ability to inject humor, which is a departure from his usual literary approach.