The reasons why the rulers of the Western Roman Empire stayed in Rome rather than in Ravenna between 400 and 476 are identified. In the 5th century, Rome played a major role in the representation of imperial power because of its great symbolic importance. It had a well-developed infrastructure and was a stage for imperial grandeur. The wealthy and influential senatorial aristocracy living here had a significant impact on the region’s internal affairs. The city’s symbolic role and concentration of elites made it a natural setting for the adventus ritual, which was a triumphal entry of the ruler into the city celebrated with cheers from residents and attended by prominent local figures. Contrary to the widespread opinion in historiography that adventus declined in the West after 404, the results obtained reveal that the ritual was held throughout the 5th century and even in the Middle Ages. Adventus symbolized the unity of the Roman ruler and the senatorial aristocracy. The aristocracy tried to reinforce its legitimacy and joined the celebration for promotion, while the emperor exploited the ceremony to show that he was supported among various social groups of the population. Only Rome, with its higher status as the capital of the empire and the residence of many influential and wealthy figures, could sustain the illusion of greatness and prosperity under the conditions of decline.

This article examines the legal relations between the Admiralty Collegium and private landowners of protected forests with shipbuilding timber, as well as the status of such territories, through a case in the Russian judicial practice during the reign of Catherine II (E.K. Nazimova v. the peasants of the Holy Trinity Monastery in Sviyazhsk). The dispute arose after E.K. Nazimova’s steward accused the monastery’s peasants of cutting down protected trees and leaving fire pits unattended. While the allegations were raised with the Kazan Admiralty, the peasants were not barred from entering the forest. A careful analysis of the land ownership documents reveals that the land sale contracts made no reference to any state claims over the forest, thus suggesting that the Kazan Admiralty had not been notified about the change in the land’s ownership. This oversight extends to broader inconsistencies in the Russian forest legislation of that time. The study concludes that the Kazan Admiralty had little interest in shipbuilding timber on private lands: such territories lacked any special legal status, and the agency had no intention to assert jurisdiction over them.

The views of P.A. Sorokin, a renowned Russian-American scholar, on the political upheavals in England in 1640–1660 are explored in the context of his theory of revolution outlined in “The Sociology of Revolution,” one of his most influential yet contentious works, published in the United States in 1925. Seeking to validate his model of the revolutionary process, P.A. Sorokin cited numerous historical examples, focusing on the English Revolution of the 17th century (English Civil War). Here, P.A. Sorokin’s interpretation and evaluation of this revolutionary period in England, integrating both historical and sociological analysis, are discussed, along with the sources he drew on. The scholar argued that the English Civil War was caused by the repression of innate reflexes. As the mechanisms regulating behavior became less effective, the crisis escalated, and its second phase was marked by the terror instigated by the new government. At this point, it is important to stress that P.A. Sorokin pursued a sociological perspective rather than a purely historical one.

This article examines the materials and circumstances related to the making and publication of the section on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Volumes III and IV of “Essays on the History of the USSR.” In the 1940s and 1950s, as the Soviet Union developed a new system of education, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR initiated work on a multi-volume historical compendium, “Essays on the History of the USSR,” to cover the development, up to the second half of the 18th century, of the territories incorporated into the Soviet Union. Under the chief editorship of B.D. Grekov, more than 50 historians contributed to the project. The working group involved N.G. Berezhkov, who was a prominent Russian and Soviet historian, a distinguished specialist in Lituanistics, and a pioneer in the systematic chronology of Ancient Rus’. He was asked to draft the section on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the chronology for Volumes III and VI. The drafts, over 1000 manuscript pages, are now part of his personal archive. However, despite the scholar’s substantial role, he was not mentioned in the introduction to Volume III, where the names of all other contributors were listed. Instead, he was credited as the author of the chronology, with a brief postscript acknowledging the use of his materials. Here, the circumstances surrounding this situation are disclosed through an analysis of N.G. Berezhkov’s correspondence with his colleagues V.T. Pashuto and L.V. Cherepnin, both responsible for preparing the materials for publication.

An archival study was performed on the history of house museums in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, starting from their establishment within the provincial zemstvo institutions through the end of the first five-year period following the October Revolution (1917–1922). Using a localized method, the directions and outcomes of their activities were analyzed, as well as the harsh living conditions faced by the museum directors and their interactions with the local community. The evolution of museum culture in the region was traced, from the early collecting practices to the growing significance of visual materials, private collections of the Nizhny Novgorod aristocracy, and the history of industrial and working-class development. The findings suggest that the house museums of Nizhny Novgorod, established or repurposed to align with the educational and political narratives of the post-revolutionary period, were transitional institutions, bridging pre-revolutionary museum traditions with the emerging educational museum complex of the 1930s.

This article examines key trends that shaped small business growth in Kazan during the 1980s–1990s. The rise of local markets was described considering the political, cultural, religious, and socio-economic landscapes of the Republic of Tatarstan at that time. The analysis reveals that small companies drive economic progress, foster scientific and technological advances, promote competition, discourage sectoral and territorial monopolies, create jobs, and address many other problems, thus being just as vital to the socio-economic development of a state as medium and large companies. The following main characteristics of small business in Kazan during the studied period were identified: the city administration’s support for the budding small business as a fundamental and promising sector of the urban economy, the rapid response to the economic challenges in the state, as well as the ability to pivot effectively in line with market demands and fit successfully within specialized market niches.

This article explores a linguistic repertoire that shapes the language portrait of a teenager in contemporary English fiction, particularly in the context of its translation into Russian. Through the analysis of Kiran Millwood Hargrave’s novel “Julia and the Shark,” featuring a teenager as the main character, key linguistic markers of a fictionalized teenager’s speech were identified and studied as reflecting their linguistic worldview: conversational and expressive tone, linguistic creativity, metaphorical inner speech, and detailed descriptions of the surroundings. The original text was compared with its Russian translation by N. Kaloshina, revealing that the latter, being targeted at an older audience, additionally emphasizes the specifics of the main character’s language. Therefore, in order to render the speech of a teenager aged 12 years and above, it is important to have a proper understanding of the psycholinguistic features of this age group. While determining the extent to which the language portrait of a teenage character should be adapted, the Russian translator is guided by the image of a teenager in the contemporary Russian linguocultural environment.

Loanwords are the terms borrowed from one language to another as a result of cultural contacts and thus carrying valuable information about the multifaceted mutual impacts, both direct and indirect, between different languages. In the history of Russian lexicology, much attention has been paid to words originating from European languages (Anglicisms, Gallicisms, and Germanisms), while the evolution and adaptation of Chinese loanwords have received little interest so far. In this article, the use of Chinese loanwords in the Russian texts of the 19th and early 20th centuries, specifically in the works by B.A. Pilnyak, a distinguished Soviet writer, and Y.P. Kovalevsky, a famous Russian traveler, scholar, and public figure, was analyzed. By introducing new sources into the scholarly discourse, the functional characteristics of these words were examined, as well as their forms and meanings, variant types, and other relevant features. Since many of them are not reflected in the existing lexicographic records, the results obtained are especially important. Many Chinese loanwords coined in the Russian language are still to be identified and described, which requires the incorporation of new text corpora and the work with explanatory and etymological dictionaries. The insights gained unveil the history of contacts between Russia and China.

The problem of dealing with typical grammatical errors made by foreign learners of Russian has been a continuous pursuit in the field of Russian teaching and learning. Its possible solutions include adapting educational materials to make grammar easier to digest and developing more efficient teaching strategies and methods to overcome barriers to mastering Russian grammar. This article overviews some common grammatical errors in the Russian speech of various categories of Turkmen students, identifies the causes for their occurrence, and suggests ways to prevent them. With this aim, a mixed-methods design, incorporating the corpus and statistical analysis and the descriptive method, was used. The findings revealed that marking grammatical errors in the Russian Learner Corpus expands their typology. Most of the identified morphological errors are due to typological differences between the Russian and Turkmen languages, particularly the absence of grammatical gender, as well as the lack of any mechanism for gender, number, and case agreement. Interlingual interference stands out as the main cause of grammatical errors in writing, as it hinders the acquisition of foreign grammatical structures and leads to violations of the principle of communicative appropriateness.

Sensorimotor alalia is a type of speech dysontogenesis in children, primarily characterized by impaired receptive speech abilities. Investigating receptive speech disorders in children is of particular importance for both linguistics and interdisciplinary research because it offers new insights into the mechanisms of native language acquisition in normal and pathological development. This article examines the atypical patterns of personal and possessive pronouns acquisition in children with sensorimotor alalia. Such children face many challenges in mastering the pronominal system, especially with the comprehension of the possessive pronouns ego (his), ee (her), and ikh (their), which are homonymous with the personal pronouns on (he), ona (she), and oni (they). These challenges were identified and analyzed using speech samples collected from 36 children with sensorimotor and sensory alalia during habilitation sessions. The longitudinal study of the speech samples was carried out dynamically at the Center for Speech Pathology, Kazan Federal University.

The usage of dual grammatical forms in the third component of the Hypatian Codex, known as the Volhynian Chronicle, is examined, with a focus on the contextual and linguistic aspects. O.F. Zholobov’s classification of dual forms is revised. A new, enhanced classification is introduced and applied to perform a detailed contextual analysis of the Volhynian Chronicle. The results of the contextual analysis show that the usage of dual forms is characterized by consistency and adherence to traditional linguistic patterns, thus revealing its complete alignment with the principles of the Old Russian linguistic system. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that the Volhynian Chronicle, which continues the Old Russian linguistic tradition, is a valuable resource for studying the historical development of the Russian language and its grammatical structures.

In light of the rapid advance in technology and its military applications, integrating ethical action mechanisms into robots has become increasingly important. This article examines the ethical principles of military robotics. The main concepts related to robot ethics, including autonomous weapons systems, military artificial intelligence, and ethical regulation, were analyzed, with an emphasis on their precise definition to ensure consistency between theoretical and practical approaches. The evolution of military technology, from basic automatic systems to modern autonomous robots, was traced, along with the development of ethical and legal norms for its use. Some of the current challenges, such as security, responsibility allocation, decision-making, and possible moral dilemmas, were pointed out. The risks associated with the autonomy of military systems, especially the lack of clear oversight and regulation, were identified. The results obtained reveal that international dialogue and an integrated regulatory approach, assuming the development of unified standards and the introduction of oversight mechanisms, are necessary for preventing moral and legal risks posed by military robotics.

The motivational effect of legal norms, which is an important part of their formation and implementation, has been out of the research focus until recently. This article examines the motives for an individual’s actions or inactions embedded in the norms of public law. Using the method of formal logic, the legislative approaches to the development of norms that encourage an individual’s lawful behavior, actions beneficial to both the society and state, and proactive performance were discussed. The concepts under study were analyzed by the comparative legal method. The dimensions of motivation in the system of legal regulation of public relations were identified. The results obtained show that motivation not only shapes the behavioral attitudes of a private individual but also influences decisionmaking in persons with special legal status, such as government or municipal employees. The legislator does not always account for the motivational component of legal norms, even though it plays a crucial role in legal regulation. The conclusion was made that the motivational impact of legal norms on the process of legal regulation is exerted through the proponents of legal ideology, thus making it critical to maintain the balance and consistency of both regulatory norms and norms defining legal ideology. A careful consideration of the process of adopting regulatory legal acts reveals that motivation is a fundamental element of decision-making by authorized bodies.

This article examines the measures that align with the 2015 Paris Agreement and the 2021 Global Methane Pledge (GMP) and restrict methane (СН₄) emissions in the world’s largest methane hotspots. The primary focus is on the legal regulation of methane contents in the national legislation of the top ten emitting countries, with the European Union (EU) considered as a single emitter. The EU policy was analyzed in the context of the EU’s participation in the GMP as a sovereign entity under international law. The results obtained reveal that the Paris Agreement, which serves as the main regulatory legal instrument aimed at limiting global temperature rise to 1.5–2 °C above pre-industrial levels, requires stronger legislative support to manage and reduce methane emissions in these countries. The most important document is the 2021 Global Methane Pledge adopted at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference (COP26). The most effective strategy for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and strengthening global action on methane is the development and implementation of legally binding international and national regulatory frameworks in the major methane-emitting countries.

In times of geopolitical tensions and hostile political conditions, any state prioritizes defense capability programs and projects, including those in the fulfillment of the state defense order, to protect its independence and sovereignty. However, this also opens the door to financial crimes. To mitigate the risks of financial misconduct and streamline the defense procurement process, efficient and up-todate mechanisms of state financial control are needed. Using the existing approaches, this article defines the concept “principles of state financial control” applying to commercial and state entities fulfilling the state defense order. The theoretical principles of state financial control and their practical implementation within the legal framework of defense procurement in the Russian Federation were analyzed. Some amendments were suggested to Chapter 5.1 of Federal Law No. 275 of the Russian Federation covering the definition of the principles of state financial control in the field of the state defense order fulfillment.